For most of her life, Claudia Stearns dreaded Thanksgiving. Having struggled with obesity since childhood, Stearns hated the yearly turmoil of obsessing about what she ate — and the guilt of overindulging on a holiday built around food.
Now, after losing nearly 100 pounds using medications including Wegovy, a powerful new anti-obesity drug, Stearns says the “food noise” in her head has gone very, very quiet.
“Last year, it felt so lovely to just be able to enjoy my meal, to focus on being with friends and family, to focus on the joy of the day,” says Stearns, 65, of Somerville, Massachusetts. “That was a whole new experience.”
As millions of Americans struggling with obesity gain access to a new generation of weight-loss drugs, Stearns’ experience is becoming more common — and more noticeable at times of year when cooking, eating and a sense of abundance can define and heighten gatherings of loved ones and friends.
The drugs are shifting not only what people who take them eat but also the way they think about food.
For some, it means greater mental control over their meals. Others say it saps the enjoyment from social situations, including traditionally food-centric holidays like Thanksgiving, Hanukkah and Christmas.
The new obesity drugs, originally designed to treat diabetes, include semaglutide, used in Ozempic and Wegovy, and tirzepatide, used in Mounjaro and recently approved as Zepbound.
Now aimed at weight loss, too, the drugs delivered as weekly injections work far differently than any diet. They mimic powerful hormones that kick in after people eat to regulate appetite and the feeling of fullness communicated between the gut and the brain. People who take these drugs can lose as much as 15% to 25% of their body weight, studies show.
“That’s how it works — it reduces the rewarding aspects of food,” says Dr. Michael Schwartz, an expert in metabolism, diabetes and obesity at the University of Washington in Seattle.
For Stearns, who started treatment in 2020, using the weight-loss medications means she could take a few bites of her favorite Thanksgiving pies — and then stop.
“I would not feel full,” she says, “but I would feel satisfied.”
Yet such a shift can have broader religious and cultural implications because it alters the experience of festive and religious holidays often built around interactions with food — and lots of it.
“I’m Italian. For us, it’s like going to church, going to a table,” says Joe Sapone, 64, a retiree from Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey, who lost about 100 pounds with dieting and Mounjaro.
He no longer needs what he called “the food orgy” of a holiday, but it was an adjustment.
“Part of succeeding at this is disconnecting a good time with what you eat,” he says. “Am I still going to have fun if I don’t eat that much?”
Many people on these drugs welcome what they say is greater control over what they eat, even during the emotionally charged holiday season.
“I may be more selective of the items I put on my plate,” says Tara Rothenhoefer, 48, of Trinity, Florida, who lost more than 200 pounds after joining a clinical trial testing Mounjaro for weight loss in 2020. “I don’t care about the bread as much. I still eat what I enjoy.”
But others lose their appetites entirely or suffer side effects — nausea, vomiting, diarrhea — that undermine the pleasure of any food.
“I’ve had a handful of patients over the years who were really miserable because they didn’t enjoy food in the same way,” says Dr. Katherine Saunders, an obesity expert at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York and co-founder of Intellihealth, a clinical and software company that focuses on obesity treatment.
But Saunders says most people who have turned to weight-loss medications have spent years struggling with the physical and mental burdens of chronic obesity and are relieved to discover a decreased desire for food and grateful to shed pounds.
When people stop taking the drugs, their appetites return, and they regain weight, often faster than they lost it, studies show. One early analysis found that two-thirds of people who started taking weight-loss drugs were no longer using them a year later.
Part of that could be due to high cost and ongoing supply shortages.
But what it means to alter a basic human drive like appetite needs to be considered, says Dr. Jens Juul Holst of the University of Copenhagen, one of the researchers who identified the gut hormone GLP-1, or glucagon-like peptide 1, which led to the new class of obesity drugs.
“Why is it that you’ve lost weight? That’s because you’ve lost your appetite,” Holst said at a diabetes conference this fall. “That’s because you’ve lost the pleasure of eating and the reward of having a beautiful meal. And how long can you stand that?”
